Difference between revisions of "Recore A6"

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(Known hardware issues for rev A6)
(Board can not handle 24 V input)
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===Board can not handle 24 V input===
 
===Board can not handle 24 V input===
 
:The design without alterations can not handle 24 V input. A bare board can only handle about 20 V. A workaround is to add an electrolytic capacitor to the input. This can either be soldered on to the step down converter input MLCC capacitors, or it can be screwed directly on to the input connector. Be aware of the polarity of the capacitor when mounting it.
 
:The design without alterations can not handle 24 V input. A bare board can only handle about 20 V. A workaround is to add an electrolytic capacitor to the input. This can either be soldered on to the step down converter input MLCC capacitors, or it can be screwed directly on to the input connector. Be aware of the polarity of the capacitor when mounting it.
 +
[[File:Connector with capacitor.jpg|Connector with capacitor]]
 +
[[File:Board with capacitor.jpg|Board with capacitor]]

Revision as of 21:40, 2 March 2022

Recore header.png

Recore is a 3D-printer control board running Linux. It is specifically tailored to be compatible with Klipper and OctoPrint. The main features are:

  • Allwinner A64 SoC, quad core CPU running at 1 GHz.
  • 1 GB of DDR3 RAM
  • 8 GB of on board eMMC
  • Gigabit Ethernet
  • 6 TMC2209, 2 A stepper motor drivers
  • 3 heater outputs + high power heated bed
  • 4 USB High Speed ports
  • 4 thermistor/thermocouple inputs (software selectable)
  • Comes with Debian Linux with Klipper and OctoPrint installed

This document is for Recore Revision A6. For previous hardware revisions, please see:

Contents

Availability

Recore A6 can be purchased from the Intelligent Agent web shop https://www.iagent.no/product/recore/

Pinout

Pinout A6-2.png

A64

The Allwinner A64 is a quad core Cortex A53 clocked at 1 GHz. It has an integrated RISC CPU (AR100) clocked at 300 MHz that handles the real time aspect for the 3D-printer. In the following table the pins used for End-stops and stepper control are described. The "bank and pin" can be used to specify the pin numbers in klipper. The "Number" column is useful for testing things on the command line in conjunction with gpiod.

Name Bank and pin Number Name Bank and pin Number Name Bank and pin Number
END STOP 0 PH4 228 DIR 6 PE14 142 USB-PWR-EN-0 PH0 224
END STOP 1 PH5 229 DIR 7 PE15 143 USB-PWR-EN-1 PH1 225
END STOP 2 PH6 230 STEP DIAG 0 PE0 128 USB-PWR-EN-2 PH2 226
END STOP 3 PH7 231 STEP DIAG 1 PE1 129 USB-PWR-EN-3 PH3 227
END STOP 4 PH8 232 STEP DIAG 2 PE2 130 GAIN-ENABLE-T0 PD4 100
END STOP 5 PH9 233 STEP DIAG 3 PE3 131 GAIN-ENABLE-T1 PH11 235
STEP 0 PL4 4 STEP DIAG 4 PE4 132 GAIN ENABLE T2 PE17 145
STEP 1 PL5 5 STEP DIAG 5 PE5 133 GAIN ENABLE T3 PB2 34
STEP 2 PL6 6 STEP DIAG 6 PE6 134 PU-ENABLE-T0 PG10 202
STEP 3 PL7 7 STEP DIAG 7 PE7 135 PU-ENABLE-T1 PG11 203
STEP 4 PL8 8 OC-ALERT PF6 166 PU ENABLE T2 PG12 204
STEP 5 PL9 9 OC-RESET PF4 164 PU ENABLE T3 PG13 205
STEP 6 PL10 10 EN-HP PF5 165 OFFSET-T0 PG0 192
STEP 7 PL11 11 UC-INT-1 PG3 195 OFFSET-T1 PG1 193
DIR 0 PE8 136 UC-NRST PG4 196 OFFSET-T2 PG3 194
DIR 1 PE9 137 UC-BOOT PG5 197 OFFSET-T3 PG8 200
DIR 2 PE10 138 ES-EN-12V PF0 160 STEPPER UART 2 TX PB0 32
DIR 3 PE11 139 EN-HDMI-PWR PG9 201 STEPPER UART 2 RX PB1 33
DIR 4 PE12 140 EN-THERMISTORS PF1 161 STEPPER UART 3 TX PD0 96
DIR 5 PE13 141 EN-ENDSTOPS PF2 162 STEPPER UART 3 RX PD1 97

STM32F031

The STM32 is a Cortex M0 powered micro controller handling analog inputs and PWM outputs. It does not control any hard real time aspects of the print, that is handled by the AR100 core realized as a separate core in the A64 SoC.

Name Bank and pin Number Name Bank and pin Number Name Bank and pin Number
THERMISTOR 0 PA0 6 HEATER E0 PA8 18 FAN 0 PB0 14
THERMISTOR 1 PA1 7 HEATER E1 PA9 19 FAN 1 PB1 15
THERMISTOR 2 PA2 8 HEATER E2 PA10 20 ES1-PWM-OUT PB3 26
THERMISTOR 3 PA3 9 HEATER BED PA11 21 FAN 3 PB4 27
BOARD VOLTAGE PA4 10 USER LED PA12 22 FAN 2 PB5 28
BOARD CURRENT PA5 11 PWM-ES2-OUT PB6 29
BOARD TEMPERATURE PA6 12 EXT 1 PB7 30
COLD JUNCTION PA7 13 EXT 2 PB8 32

DBG header

This header is used for interacting with u-boot and getting early debug messages from the Linux kernel

Pin Function
1 UART RX
2 UART TX
3 NC
4 GND

MCU header

This header is used for connecting additional MCU peripherals.

Pin Function Alt
1 PB7 I2C1_SDA
2 PB8 I2C1_SCL
3 3.3V
4 GND

LEDs

There are 15 white LEDs on the board. Here is what they mean

Name Location Meaning
D2 By PMIC Board powered
D3 By heater BED BED output on
D4 By fan 0 Fan 0 is on
D5 By fan 1 Fan 1 is on
D6 By heater H2 Heater H2 is on
D7 By fan 2 Fan 2 is on
D8 By heater H0 Heater H0 is on
D9 By fan 3 Fan 3 is on
D10 By heater H1 Heater H1 is on
D12 By input connector High voltage domain is on
D15 By eMMC chip eMMC activity
D17 By HDMI connector USB activitiy
D18 By the USB C connector Linux Heartbeat
D19 By the A64 SoC CPU activity
D20 By the STM32 Klipper running on STM32

Buttons

There are 3 push buttons on the board.

Name Meaning
FEL Enter FEL-mode of the A64
BOOT Boots or shuts down the board
RESET Hard reset of the CPU

Current limits

Name Limit
5V-ES 1 A
USB host each 1 A
Thermistors 1 A
MCU connector 0.5 A

Wiring

Below is a wiring diagram meant to aid in connecting motors, fans, extruders and hot ends to the control board. On the board, there is a small + sign next to output connectors where polarity is important. If passive heating elements are used, polarity is not important, but if those outputs are to be used with SSRs or relays, polarity must be observed.

Recore-wire-diagram-2.2.png

Network connection

Recore is designed to be controlled through a browser on a computer, so the board must be connected to the local LAN or wifi network. Connect an ethernet cable between the board and a switch. The ping utility can be used to ensure that the board is discovered on the network.

LAN setup

Recore with Refactor is running avahi and should announce itself on the network once a connection has been established. On a Linux based host computer, it is possible to search for a booted device using the following command:

ping recore.local

If the device is present, an SSH connection can be established:

ssh root@recore.local

Furthermore, a web interface running OctoPrint can be found using a browser:

http://recore.local

Wifi setup

Wifi can be set up by connecting a wifi dongle to one of the USB host ports. Once the uSB dongle has been connected, and the board has been booted, access to the terminal command line can be given through a host computer. The board should appear as a TTY ACM device. On a Linux based host computer, the terminal program `screen` can be used to get access. From the host computer

screen /dev/ttyACM0 115200

If the host computer is running Windows, Putty can be used to get access.

Once a connection has been established, the wifi network can be set up using the command nmtui.

nmtui

Follow the instructions on screen to edit and activate the wifi connection.

Note

If the board is powered through the USB C connector, only the two USB host ports next to the HDMI port is powered.

Mating Connectors

The power connectors on the board are available either in the web shop as part of a connector pack or directly from Digi-key etc.

Connectors-all.png

Four pin male: TBP01P1-508-04BE [| Digi-key]

Two pin male: TBP01P1-508-02BE [| Digi-key]

Configuration

There are no jumpers on Recore and no hard fuses. Everything is software configurable and resettable from software. This gives great power and flexibility without requiring physical access to the board once it has been installed. But with great power comes great responsibility. It is possible to break things if care is not taken during setup. There is one setting in particular that is worth mentioning: ES0 can have either +5V or +12V on the power pin. This is in order to allow a standard industrial inductive sensor to be used on that end stop. If a 5V only peripheral is connected, that could damage the connected peripheral.

The default config file for Recore A6 can be found in the repository: generic-recore.cfg

TMC2209

The 6 stepper drivers on Recore are of type TMC2209 from Trinamic. Each stepper has a configuration interface with a bidirectional UART port that is connected to a peripheral UART on the A64. The peripheral is not in use, but instead the GPIO bit-banging functionality of Klipper is used to communicate with the stepper drivers.

Here is a table with pins and addresses for the steppers

Stepper driver config
Name Pins Address
S0 PB0/PB1 0
S1 PB0/PB1 1
S2 PB0/PB1 2
S3 PB0/PB1 3
S4 PD0/PD1 0
S5 PD0/PD1 1
S6 PD0/PD1 2
S7 PD0/PD1 3

Temperature inputs

4 different temperature devices can be connected to the 4 analog inputs on Recore. Thermistor, Thermocouple, PT100 with INA826 and PT1000 without the use of a pre-amplifier.

Thermistor

Make sure the pull-up is enabled and the op-amp gain is set to 1.

Thermocouple

Make sure the pull-up is disabled and the op-amp gain is set to 100.

PT100 with INA826

In order to use a PT100 sensor, an external amplifier board must be used. There is an example configuration for Klipper that uses this. The ADC reference voltage is 5.0 by default, but for Recore it is 3.3 V. Here is an example:

[Extruder]
...
sensor_type: PT100 INA826
adc_voltage: 3.27

The pull-up must also be disabled.

PT1000

Make sure the pull-up is enabled and the gain is set to 1. In the latest version, the sensor must be prefixed with RECORE.

[Extruder]
...
sensor_type: RECORE PT1000
adc_voltage: 3.27
pullup_voltage: 3.3
offset_voltage: 3.2

Connecting other sensors

The board has been designed to work with a range of 3rd party sensors for automating the print.

BLtouch

BLtouch sensor wiring.png

When connected per wiring diagram above, setting up BLtouch can be done by adding the following section to printer.cfg.

[bltouch]
sensor_pin: ^ar100:PH6
control_pin: PH5
speed: 7
pin_move_time: 0.675
sample_retract_dist: 10
pin_up_reports_not_triggered: True
pin_up_touch_mode_reports_triggered: True
#Please change offsets below for your specific setup (these values are for EVA2.3.x BLtouch mount)
z_offset: 2.22
x_offset: -28 
y_offset: -13

Inductive Sensor

Inductive sensor wiring 2.png

Connect the inductive sensor on ES0. You can choose either 5V or 12V output on the voltage pin.

ADXL345

Note: This connection diagram is outdated. A working connection uses 3.3V from the MCU header, STEP and DIR from S6 and S7. Updated connection diagram coming soon.

Wiring.png

A popular accelerometer sensor for doing input shaping with Klipper is the ADXL345. This can be connected to the connectors S6/S7. There is no hardware SPI interface available, but a software implementation in Klipper exists. Note: Only experimental support has been tested for this. https://learn.adafruit.com/adxl345-digital-accelerometer

Config:

[adxl345]
cs_pin: ar100:PL11
spi_software_sclk_pin: ar100:PL10
spi_software_mosi_pin: ar100:PE15
spi_software_miso_pin: ar100:PE14

[resonance_tester]
accel_chip: adxl345
probe_points:
    100, 100, 20  # an example

RC Servo

Endstop 1 and 2 can be used as PWM outputs with 5V levels. Rev A6 is the first board with support for this. More testing and configuration documentation is needed.

Software for Recore

Recore comes with the Linux distro Refactor (Armbian) pre-installed on the eMMC. For more instructions about software for Recore, see the Refactor wiki page: Refactor#Recore

AR100

Please see: AR100

Manual control and testing

All functions on Recore are meant to be controlled from a graphical user interface such as OctoPrint, Fluid, Mainsail etc. This in turn in controlled by Klipper. Sometimes it can be beneficial to get low level access to certain functions and test things directly on the command line. This section is meant to give an overview of what capabilites are available from the command line (SSH/terminal).

Power domain overview

Power domain overview.png

Power domains

There are 9 power domains around the board controlling voltage on different pins:

  • Input power controls power to 4 high power outputs, the 4 fans and the 6 stepper drivers. This input has current monitoring, fast acting over current protection, voltage monitoring, temperature monitoring and reverse polarity protection.
  • Thermo couple power Controls +5V/1A output to the ADCs. This can be used for turning on power to the analog pins.
  • End stop power Controls +5V/1A output on the six endstops. Ganged. ES5 can be switched to have 12V output. The 12V output has a

100mA internal current limit.

  • 4 USB host power domains Controls 5V/1A current output to the usb host connectors. These are turned on by u-boot.
  • HDMI 5V output Controls the 5V/1A HDMI output. Turned on by u-boot.

Input stage

Reset over current protection and set it in "one-shot" mode.

gpioset 1 164=0
gpioset 1 164=1

The over current protection can also be set in "transparent" mode, where the current alarm will be reset automatically. Note that this is a bad idea for general operation, only use for testing.

gpioset 1 164=0

Enable 24V input

gpioset 1 165=0

End stop 5V /12V

End stop 0 to 4 has a programmable +5V output voltage. End stop 5 has +5V or +12V selectable.

To enable +5V on ES 0...4

gpioset 1 162=1

To disable again

gpioset 1 162=0

To switch to 12V output on ES5

gpioset 1 160=1

To disable again

gpioset 1 160=0

End stops values

To see what value the end stops have

gpioget 1 228 # ES 5
gpioget 1 229
gpioget 1 230
gpioget 1 231
gpioget 1 232
gpioget 1 233 # ES 0

TMC2209

In window/shell 1:

stty -F /dev/ttyS2 raw -echoe -echo
xxd -c 4 /dev/ttyS2

In window/shell 2:

echo -n -e '\x5\x0\x6\x6F' > /dev/ttyS2

The return should be along the lines of

00000000: 0500 066f  ...o
00000004: 05ff 0620  ... 
00000008: 0001 4058  ..@X

To check that no errors are reported by the steppers write this on the command line. If a "1" shows up, that is an indication that the motor is reporting an error.

gpioget 1 128
gpioget 1 129
gpioget 1 130
gpioget 1 131
gpioget 1 132
gpioget 1 133

STM32F031

There is a small firmware to test all functionality that is controlled by the STM32F031 chip on the board. Once uploaded to the board using the flash script, the firmware will turn on all LEDs it controls and send back ADC readings.

To flash this firmware to the STM32:

gpioset 1 197=1
gpioset 1 196=0
stm32flash -i -196,196 -w Sumato-f031.bin -v -g 0x00 /dev/ttyS1
gpioset 1 197=0
stm32flash -i -196,196 /dev/ttyS1

To see the ADC readings:

stty -F /dev/ttyS3 38400 raw
cat /dev/ttyS3

You should see something like

ADC T0: 0
ADC T1: 0
ADC T2: 0
ADC T3: 0
ADC U: 2338
ADC I: 0
ADC TB: 3417

The following one-liners assumes gawk is installed.

Reading Current

There is board current reading implemented in OctoPrint. The current shunt resistor is 1 mOhm, the amplifier is 20 times, the vref is 3.3V, so we get: (adc_val/4096*3.3)*1000/20 = (adc_val/4096)*165

If the testing firmware is installed on the STM32, you can convert the current (as in amps) reading to something useful like this:

cat /dev/ttyS4 | awk '/I:/ { printf "scale=4; (%i/4096)*165\n", $3; fflush(); }' | bc -l

Current limit programming

The current limit must be set in the device tree by programming the voltage on dldo2. dldo2 can have values from 0.7 V to 3.4 V. Setting the voltage level to 3.4 V effectively disables the fast acting current limit. Setting it to the lowest value gives an over current limit of 35 A.

Reading Board Temperature

To see the temperature readings, try this :

export beta=4327
cat /dev/ttyS1 | awk '/TB:/ { printf "scale=4; 4327/l( (4700/((3.3/(3.3*%i/4096))-1.0))/0.05306820342563400000) -273.15\n", $3; fflush(); }' | bc -l | awk '{print strftime("%k:%M:%S"), $0; fflush();}'

Reading Input Voltage

To see voltage on the input, it can be converted like this:

exec 4</dev/ttyS4 5>/dev/ttyS4
echo -n ";A4;" >&5
read -t1 reply <&4
echo $reply | awk '{ printf "scale=4; (%i/4096)*3.3*((100+10)/10)\n", $4; fflush(); }' | bc -l

Thermistor inputs

To enable pull-up on input for using thermistors for temperature measurements:

gpioset 1 202=1
gpioset 1 203=1
gpioset 1 204=1
gpioset 1 205=1

Setting Op-amp gain to 1:

gpioset 1 100=0
gpioset 1 235=0
gpioset 1 145=0
gpioset 1 34=0

Setting Op-amp gain to 100:

gpioset 1 100=1
gpioset 1 235=1
gpioset 1 145=1
gpioset 1 34=1

Adding a 0.33 V offset to the input:

gpioset 1 192=1
gpioset 1 193=1
gpioset 1 194=1
gpioset 1 200=1

Do not add 0.33 V offset to the input:

gpioget 1 192
gpioget 1 193
gpioget 1 194
gpioget 1 200

In the device tree file, the gpio/ldos must be set to gpio input:

&gpio0_ldo {
  function = "gpio_in";
};

Thermocouple input

Either a thermocouple or a thermistor can be used as input on the T0-T3 inputs.

Bias

The thermocouple is set up to have a Bias of 0.7V/100 on the input which enables negative values (lower than the board temperature) as input to the ADCs. With the input short circuited, the bias can be recorded. Typical values are 750 This needs to be subtracted from the result.

Cold junction compensation

Another important aspect is cold junction compensation. There is a thermistor connected on the board close to the thermocouple inputs which can be used to measure the temperature close to the input junction. This temperature must be added in software.

The connected thermistor is a TDK NTCG104EF104FT1X The connected Thermocouple has a (25/100) beta value of 4327.

In order to use the inputs for thermocouple, the pull-up-down resistors must be set to pull-down:

gpioset 1 102=0
gpioset 1 120=0
gpioset 1 160=0
gpioset 1 161=0

Also, the op-amp needs a gain of 100:

gpioset 1 100=0
gpioset 1 235=0
gpioset 1 145=0
gpioset 1 34=0

Finally, the input bias needs to be enabled. The following LDOs needs to be enabled:

reg_ldo_io0
reg_ldo_io1
reg_dldo3
reg_dldo4

Performance

Start-up time

With a maximum clock for MMC2 of 200 MHz, here is the start-up time:

root@recore-3:~# systemd-analyze 
Startup finished in 5.128s (kernel) + 11.567s (userspace) = 16.695s 
graphical.target reached after 11.421s in userspace

Measured voltages

The final stages of Recore manufacturing consists of testing, calibration and flashing of firmware. The calibration stage measures a number of voltages on the board and classifies the input stages gain and offset. Instruments used:

  • HP 3458A, 8.5 digit multimeter
  • HP 3245A, Universal Source

Microcontroller voltages

VDDA uC: 3.312 V
VDD uC: 3.312 V

Voltage from the PMIC supplied as bias:
0.706 V

5V Buck converter ripple and noise

The 5V step down/Buck converter is a AOZ2151PQI-10. It can provide 4A and has an input voltage range of 12-28V. It is hard wired to be in PWM mode. PFM mode results in a loud whine.

Below is a screenshot of the ripple and noise across the the 5V rail with a normal kernel running.

VCC-5V-ripple-A4.png

Input stage

An experiment with a constant current load drawing 20 A from the bed connector with and without a 92 mm fan on top of the board for forced convection. The temperature measured was with the on board thermistor. Using a thermal camera, the temperature displayed matches well with the temperature reported by the camera. However, in Rev A2, this is not the hottest point on the board. The MOSFET controlling the bed seems to consistently get the highest temperature. The reason for this is probably due to a 3.3 V VGS.

Temperature-fan-off.pdf.png

Temperature-fan.pdf.png

Inrush current

During turn on of the high power stage, there will be an inrush current to charge up the bank of capacitors present on the board. If no loads are turned on, the inrush current reaches 31 A at peak. This is important to consider when setting the current limit with device tree.

Todo: These measurements are from rev A3. Redo measurements with Rev A6.

Inrush current A3.png

Temperature low pass filter

A Low pass filter has been added on each of the temperature input channels. The cut-off frequency is below what my oscilloscope can handle, but a plot in the time domain verifies a 7 Hz -3dB point.

SDS5034X PNG 66.png

ADC offset and gain measurements

To measure the ADC offset error, measure the voltage on the uC input pin and record when the transition from 0 to 1 occurs. It should occur at 0.5 LSB = 3.3/4096/2 = 0.4028 mV. Offset: 55.35 mV - 0.4028 mV = 54.95 mV

FAQ

Where can I ask for help?

You can join the Discord: https://discord.gg/bCnp9H5SB5

What comes in the box with the Recore? Specifically, terminal connectors for power, etc?

It's only the board, no cables or connectors. There is a bag of connectors available to purchase in the web shop.

Do I need access to those 3 buttons on the board?

It is not necessary to have access to the three buttons for normal use.

What's the maximum current draw for heat bed?

This has been tested up to 20 A

Why are there unused and unbroken out pins on the STM32 MCU?

The pins that are needed from the MCU have been routed out plus two pins available on an external header.

I have a gadget that I want to connect with SPI. Is that possible?

There are 6 pins available from the main SoC that can be used for various things.

There is no hardware SPI, but you can make a program that uses soft SPI. There is no dedicated I2C, but perhaps that would be a nice addition.

What exactly is the role of the AR100 device?

The AR100 handles the fast realtime aspects, mainly the stepper motors

What voltage fans are supported?

The same voltage as the input voltage, either 12 V or 24 V. You can experiment with PWM for running lower voltage fans on 24 V input.

Where is the board layout file?

The Layout file will not be available. It is an "open schematic" board, not open source hardware

Where are you shipping from?

Early prototypes (Rev A4) will be shipping from Norway. Eventually shipping will be from a warehouse in the US

Known hardware issues for rev A6

T1 offset is not consistent

On Rev A6, during calibration it has been discovered that the offset on T1 is often varying around the predetermined set point of 0.33 V. It seems the cause of this is the batch of op-amps used, so it is a hardware issue. The good news is that it seems to be OK to use the values from the calibration document. The gain should be about the same (101).

Board can not handle 24 V input

The design without alterations can not handle 24 V input. A bare board can only handle about 20 V. A workaround is to add an electrolytic capacitor to the input. This can either be soldered on to the step down converter input MLCC capacitors, or it can be screwed directly on to the input connector. Be aware of the polarity of the capacitor when mounting it.

Connector with capacitor Board with capacitor